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Termites' digestive system contains a variety of microorganisms to assist in the digestion of the plant fibre cellulose.
There are more than 350 species of termites in Australia, and several are considered pests. Only approximately 20 species cause damage to both buildings. In Victoria, there are five species that cause damage to buildings and wooden constructions.
Termites play important ecological functions by providing nest holes such as lizards, birds and possums, breaking down organic matter, returning nutrients to soil and assisting with soil aeration.
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Termites are often wrongly known as white ants. This expression should not be used since they are neither white nor ants.
Termites live and work collectively in nests or colonies. Members of this colony take different types or castes. These include:
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These are the sensual forms of the colony including future kings and queens of colonies yet to be established.
The reproductives reside in a central room in the nest in which a female, or queen, will lay many thousands of eggs every year over her life span of about ten years. Male, or kings, are responsible to fertilising the queens. Numerous reproductives are commonly observed.
The young termites develop in the colony by shedding cuticles at the end of each growth phase, slowly changing until they reach the worker, soldier or adult (winged form). If queens die, some supplementary reproductives can carry on the colony as neotenics.
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Reproductives are generally darker than employees and soldiers. They have functional eyes and their more robust skin (cuticle) can resist the outside environment. After flight, unlike other find more insects, the deciduous wings of termites are discarded and piles of shed wings are a fantastic hint to termite infestations.
Officials have darker, heads that are larger than the other castes. They are blind, wingless, and have undeveloped reproductive organs.
Soldiers are more demanding than the other castes and take longer to die from many toxins, exposure, or starvation. It's index their role to defend the colony, if disturbed, while the damage is repaired by the workers.
Soldiers exist in different forms. Most species have soldiers, with well-developed jaws (mandibles) used to crush attackers, such as ants.
Nastute soldiers happen in Nasustitermes species and therefore are only infrequently found as pests in Victoria. They've a snout where they eject a sticky solution which irritates and glues attackers.
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Phragmotic soldiers have a head, which can be wedged in tunnels to prevent attackers. The drywood termites, that use this strategy, are only occasional introductions to Victoria.
The workers account for the greatest number of termites within the colony, and are therefore responsible for the maximum harm.
They collect food, groom other termites, construct tunnels and fix damage in addition to tending to the kings, queens and their young. These termites are thought to work 24 hours a day throughout their life span. Worker termites are generally unpigmented. They are blind, wingless and have undeveloped reproductive organs. .
Termites hatch from eggs that have been tended by their nest mates in specially constructed nurseries.
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As soon as they are old enough, the young work within the colony where jobs change with age and maturity.
Once a single colony gets sufficiently large it generates winged reproductives that wait in specially constructed chambers until prepared to leave the nest and undertake a colonising flight.
They leave the nest as a swarm under conditions of high humidity, still air, and sometimes low light. Termites are not strong fliers and generally only fly up to 1km, but breezes and updrafts can carry them much farther.
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Upon landing near a suitable nest site, the female sheds her wings and evokes a calling scent. Males respond.
They dig in and over the next few weeks, mate and look after their young until enough employees develop to take over the care functions.
New colonies are occasionally created via budding. This is believed to occur when the extremities of the colony lose contact and become independent.